Astronomers and astrophysicists
- Ibrahim al-Fazari
- Muhammad al-Fazari
- Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
- Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
- Al-Farghani
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
- Al-Majriti
- Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
- Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
- Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
- Abu Sa'id Gorgani
- Kushyar ibn Labban
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
- Al-Mahani
- Al-Marwazi
- Al-Nayrizi
- Al-Saghani
- Al-Farghani
- Abu Nasr Mansur
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
- Ibn Yunus
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
- Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā)
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
- Omar Khayyám
- Al-Khazini
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
- Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
- Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
- Averroes
- Al-Jazari
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
- Anvari
- Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
- Nasir al-Din Tusi
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
- Ibn al-Shatir
- Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī
- Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
- Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
- Ahmad Nahavandi
- Haly Abenragel
- Abolfadl Harawi
Chemists and alchemists
Further information: Alchemy (Islam)
- Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
- Jafar al-Sadiq
- Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), father of chemistry[1][2][3]
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
- Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
- Al-Majriti
- Ibn Miskawayh
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
- Avicenna
- Al-Khazini
- Nasir al-Din Tusi
- Ibn Khaldun
- Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
- Al-Khwārizmī, Algebra, (Mathematics)
- Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[4]
- Mostafa El-Sayed
- Abdul Qadeer Khan, Nuclear Scientist - Uranium Enrichment Technologist - Centrifuge Method Expert
- Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry
- Omar M. Yaghi Professor at the University of California, Berkeley
Economists and social scientists
Further information: Islamic sociology and Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam
- Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Abu Yusuf (731-798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[5]
- Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[6] and father of Indology[7]
- Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
- Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
- Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
- Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
- Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
- Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
- Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
- Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[8] such as demography,[9] cultural history,[10] historiography,[11] philosophy of history,[12] sociology[9][12] and economics[13][14]
- Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
- Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
- Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance
- Shah Abdul Hannan, Pioneer of Islamic Banking in South Asia
- Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[15][16]
Geographers and earth scientists
Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution
- Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[17]
- Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[18]
- Ibn Al-Jazzar
- Al-Tamimi
- Al-Masihi
- Ali ibn Ridwan
- Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[6][9] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[6]
- Avicenna
- Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
- Averroes
- Ibn al-Nafis
- Ibn Jubayr
- Ibn Battuta
- Ibn Khaldun
- Piri Reis
- Evliya Çelebi
Mathematicians
- Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies
- Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
- Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
- Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[19] and algorithms[20]
- 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
- Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[21]
- Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
- Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
- Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
- Al-Khwarizmi
- Al-Mahani
- Ahmed ibn Yusuf
- Al-Majriti
- Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
- Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
- Al-Khalili
- Al-Nayrizi
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
- Brethren of Purity
- Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
- Al-Saghani
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
- Ibn Sahl
- Al-Sijzi
- Ibn Yunus
- Abu Nasr Mansur
- Kushyar ibn Labban
- Al-Karaji
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
- Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
- Al-Nasawi
- Al-Jayyani
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
- Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
- Omar Khayyám
- Al-Khazini
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
- Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
- Al-Marrakushi
- Al-Samawal
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
- Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
- Hunayn ibn Ishaq
- Ibn al-Banna'
- Ibn al-Shatir
- Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
- Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
- Maryam Mirzakhani
- Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
- Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
- Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
- Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
- Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
- Ulugh Beg
- Cumrun Vafa
Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
Further information: Islamic psychological thought
- Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[22]
- Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[23]
- Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[24]
- Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[25] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[26]
- Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[27]
- Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[27]
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[28]
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[29]
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[30]
- Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,[31] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[32]
- Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[28]
- Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[28]
- Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[33]
- Mir Sajad, Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.[34][35]
Physicians and surgeons
Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine
- Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
- Jafar al-Sadiq
- Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[36]
- Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[37]
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
- Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
- Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[24]
- Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
- Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[38]
- Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
- Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
- Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
- Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
- Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[39]
- Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[40]
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[28] craniotomy,[39] hematology[41] and dental surgery[42]
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[43] and visual perception[44]
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
- Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[45] founder of Unani medicine,[41] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[46] aromatherapy,[47] pulsology and sphygmology,[48] and also a philosopher
- Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, physician of Unani medicine
- Ibn Miskawayh
- Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[49] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[50] and tracheotomy[51]
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
- Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
- Averroes
- Ibn al-Baitar
- Ibn Jazla
- Nasir al-Din Tusi
- Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[52] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[53] pulsology and sphygmology[54]
- Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of embryology[39]
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
- Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
- Mansur ibn Ilyas
- Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
- Syed Ziaur Rahman, pharmacologist
- Toffy Musivand
- Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[55]
- Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[56][57]
- Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
- Gazi Yaşargil, the founder of microneurosurgery
- Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
- Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon
- Abdul Qayyum Rana, Neurologist known for his work on Parkinson's disease
Physicists and engineers
Further information: Islamic physics
- Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
- Al-Saghani, 10th century
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
- Ibn Sahl, 10th century
- Ibn Yunus, 10th century
- Al-Karaji, 10th century
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[58] pioneer of scientific method[59] and experimental physics,[60] considered the "first scientist"[61]
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[62]
- Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
- Al-Khazini, 12th century
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
- Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
- Ibn Rushd/Rooshd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
- Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[3]
- Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
- Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
- Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
- Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
- Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
- Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
- Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
- Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
- Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
- Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
- Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
- Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
- Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
- Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
- Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
- Abdus Salam, Pakistani Theoretical Physicist, First Muslim scientist Nobel Laureate
- Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
- Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
- Abdus Salam, 1st Pakistani theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics
- Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
- Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
- Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program
- Shahid Hussain Bokhari, Pakistani researcher in the field of parallel and distributed computing
- Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[63][64]
- Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[65]
olitical scientists
- Syed Qutb
- Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
- Abul Ala Maududi
- Hasan al-Turabi
- Hassan al-Banna
- Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
- M. A. Muqtedar Khan
- Rashid al-Ghannushi
Other scientists and inventors
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